Rabu, 01 Juli 2015

JUNK FOOD




Junk food is a pejorative term for food containing high levels of calories from sugar or fat with little proteinvitamins or minerals. Use of the term implies that a particular food has little "nutritional value" and contains excessive fatsugarsalt, and calories.[1][2][3] Junk food can also refer to high protein food containing large amounts of meat prepared with, for example, too much unhealthy saturated fat;[citation needed] many hamburger outlets, fried chicken outlets and the like supply food considered junk food.Despite being labeled as "junk," such foods usually do not pose any immediate health concerns and are generally safe when integrated into a well balanced diet.[5] However, concerns about the negative health effects resulting from the consumption of a "junk food"-heavy diet have resulted in public health awareness campaigns, and restrictions onadvertising and sale in several countries.Origin of the termThe term junk food dates back at least to the early 1950s,[9] although it has been reported that it was coined in 1972 by Michael F. Jacobson of the Center for Science in the Public Interest.[3] In 1952, it appeared in a headline in the Lima, Ohio, News, "Candy, Cake, 'Junk Foods' Cause Serious Malnutrition," for a reprint of a 1948 article from the Ogden, Utah, Standard-Examiner, originally headlined, "Dr. Brady’s Health Column: More Junk Than Food." In it, Dr. Brady writes, "What Mrs. H calls 'junk' I call cheat food. That is anything made principally of (1) white flour and or (2) refined white sugar or syrup. For example, white bread, crackers, cake, candy, ice cream soda, chocolate malted, sundaes, sweetened carbonated beverages."[10] The term cheat food can be traced back in newspaper mentions to at least 1916.[11]
DefinitionAndrew F. Smith, in his book, Encyclopedia of Junk Food and Fast Food defines junk food as "those commercial products, including candy, bakery goods, ice cream, salty snacks, and soft drinks, which have little or no nutritional value but do have plenty of calories, salt, and fats. While not all fast foods are junk foods, most are. Fast foods are ready-to-eat foods served promptly after ordering. Some fast foods are high in calories and low in nutritional value, while other fast foods, such as salads, may be low in calories and high in nutritional value."[12]Foods commonly considered junk foods include salted snack foodsgumcandy, sweet dessertsfried fast food, and sugary carbonated beverages.[13] Many foods such as hamburgerspizza, and tacos can be considered either healthy or junk food depending on their ingredients and preparation methods.[14] The more highly processed items usually fall under the junk food category,[15] including breakfast cereals that are mostly sugar or high-fructose corn syrup and white flour or milled corn.[16]Especially in the case of ethnic foods, a classification as "junk food" could be perceived as rather offensive, given that such foods may have been prepared and consumed for centuries and may contain healthy ingredients.[citation needed] In the book, Panic Nation: Unpicking the Myths We're Told About Food and Health, a complementary point is argued: food is food, and if there is no nutritional value, then it isn't a food of any type, "junk" or otherwise.[17] Co-editor Vincent Marks explains, "To label a food as 'junk' is just another way of saying, 'I disapprove of it.' There are bad diets - that is, bad mixtures and quantities of food - but there are no 'bad foods' except those that have become bad through contamination or deterioration."[18]Popularity and appeal[edit]Junk food in its various forms is extremely popular, and an integral part of modern popular culture. In the US, annual fast food sales are in the area of $160 billion,[19] compared to supermarket sales of $620 billion[20](a figure which also includes junk food in the form of convenience foods, snack foods, and candy). In 1976, "Junk Food Junkie," the tale of a junk food addict who pretends to follow a healthy diet by day, while at night he clandestinely gorges on Hostess Twinkies and Fritos corn chips, McDonalds and KFC, became a Top 10 pop hit in the US.[21] Thirty-six years later, Time placed the Twinkie at #1 in its "Top 10 Iconic Junk Foods" special feature: "Not only...a mainstay on our supermarket shelves and in our bellies, they've been a staple in our popular culture and, above all, in our hearts. Often criticized for its lack of any nutritional value whatsoever, the Twinkie has managed to persevere as a cultural and gastronomical icon."[22]America also celebrates an annual National Junk Food Day on July 21. Origins are unclear; it is one of around 175 US food and drink days, most created by "people who want to sell more food," at times aided by elected officials at the request of a trade association or commodity group.[23]) "In honor of the day," Time in 2014 published, "5 Crazy Junk Food Combinations." Headlines from other national and local media coverage include: "Celebrate National Junk Food Day With… Beer-Flavored Oreos?" (MTV);[24] "National Junk Food Day: Pick your favorite unhealthy treats in this poll" (Baltimore);[25] "Celebrities' favorite junk food" (Los Angeles);[26] "A Nutritionist's Guide to National Junk Food Day" with "Rules for Splurging" (Huffington Post);[27] and "It's National Junk Food Day: Got snacks?" (Kansas City).[28]That the poor eat more junk food overall than the more affluent is quite well-established, but the reasons for this are not clear.[29] Few studies have focused on variations in food perception according to socio-economic status (SES); some studies that have differentiated based on SES suggest that the economically challenged don't perceive healthy food much differently than any other segment of the population.[30]Recent research into scarcity, combining behavioral science and economics, suggests that, faced with extreme economic uncertainty, where even the next meal may not be a sure thing, judgment is impaired and the drive is to the instant gratification of junk food, rather than to making the necessary investment in the longer-term benefits of a healthier diet. Health effectsThe excess fat, carbohydrates, and processed sugar found in junk food contributes to an increased risk of cardiovascular diseasediabetesweight gain, and many other chronic health conditions.[33] Also consumers tend to eat too much at one sitting and consumers who have satisfied their appetite with junk food are less likely to eat healthy foods like fruitvegetables or dairy products.[34]Testing on rats has indicated negative effects of junk food that may manifest likewise in people. A Scripps Research Institute study in 2008 suggested that junk food consumption alters brain activity in a manner similar to addictive drugs like cocaine and heroin. After many weeks with unlimited access to junk food, the pleasure centers of rat brains became desensitized, requiring more food for pleasure; after the junk food was taken away and replaced with a healthy diet, the rats starved for two weeks instead of eating nutritious fare.[35][36] A 2007 study in the British Journal of Nutrition found that female rats who eat junk food during pregnancy increased the likelihood of unhealthy eating habits in their offspring.[37]Anti-junk food measuresA number of countries have adopted, or are considering, various forms of legislated action to curb junk food consumption. In 2014, United Nations Special Rapporteur on the right to health, Anand Grover, released his report, "Unhealthy foods, non-communicable diseases and the right to health,” and called for governments to "take measures, such as developing food and nutrition guidelines for healthy diets, regulating marketing and advertising of junk food, adopting consumer-friendly labelling of food products, and establishing accountability mechanisms for violations of the right to health."[38]An early, high-profile and controversial attempt to identify and curb junk food in the American diet was launched by the so-called McGovern Committee, formally, the United States Senate Select Committee on Nutrition and Human Needs, between 1968 and 1977, chaired by Senator George McGovern. Initially formed to investigate malnutrition and hunger in the US, the committee's scope progressively expanded to include environmental conditions that affected eating habits, like urban decay,[39] then focused on the diet and nutritional habits of the American public. It criticized the use of salt, sugar and fat in processed foods, noted problems with overeating and the high percentage of ads for junk food on TV, and stated that bad eating habits could be as deadly as smoking. The findings were heavily criticized and rebutted from many directions, including the food industry, the American Medical Association, and within the committee itself. In 1977, the committee issued public guidelines under the title, Dietary Goals for the United States, which became the predecessor to Dietary Guidelines for Americans, published every five years beginning in 1980 by the US Department of Health and Human Services.TaxationSee also: Fat tax and Soda tax
In an attempt to reduce junk food consumption through price control, forms of Pigovian taxation have been implemented. Targeting saturated fat consumption, Denmark introduced the world's first fat-food tax in October, 2011, by imposing a surcharge on all foods, including those made from natural ingredients, that contain more than 2.3 percent saturated fat, an unpopular measure that lasted a little over a year.[42][43][44]Hungary has also imposed a tax on packaged foods that contain unhealthy concentrations, such as beverages containing more than 20 mg of caffeine per 100 ml.[45] Norway taxes refined sugar,[46] and Mexico has various excises on unhealthy food.[47] On April 1, 2015, the first fat tax in the US, the Navajo Nation's Healthy DinĂ© Nation Act of 2014, mandating a 2% junk food tax, came into effect, covering the 27,000 sq. mi. of Navajo reservation; the Act addressed problems with obesity and diabetes among the Navajo population.[48]
Advertising restrictionJunk food advertising to children is a contentious issue. In "The Impact of Advertising on Childhood Obesity," the American Psychological Association reports: "Research has found strong associations between increases in advertising for non-nutritious foods and rates of childhood obesity."[49] In the UK, efforts to increasingly limit or eliminate advertising of foods high in sugar, salt or fat at any time when children may be viewing are ongoing.Controversy over junk food promotions during Australian cricket matches was reported in the news media in early 2015. A Wollongong University study showed that junk food sponsors were mentioned over 1,000 times in a single match broadcast, which included ads and branding worn on players' uniforms and on the scoreboard and pitch. A coalition of Australian obesity, cancer and diabetes organizations called on Cricket Australia, the sport's governing body, to "phase out sponsorships with unhealthy brands," emphasizing that cricket is a "healthy, family-oriented sport" with children in the audience.

Fast food hamburgers are high in calories in low in nutritional value.

Fast food hamburgers are high in calories in low in nutritional value.
Junk food is food that is calorie-dense and nutrient poor. In recent decades, junk food, fast food and convenience food consumption in the United States have increased dramatically, with 25 percent of people now consuming predominantly junk food diets. This trend has occurred concurrently with rising epidemics of numerous chronic diseases and accounts for a long list of reasons why eating junk food is bad.


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Obesity

Junk food plays a major role in the obesity epidemic. By the year 2050, the rate of obesity in the U.S. is expected to reach 42 percent, according to researchers at Harvard University. Children who eat fast food as a regular part of their diets consume more fat, carbohydrates and processed sugar and less fiber than those who do not eat fast food regularly. Junk food in these children's diets accounts for 187 extra calories per day, leading to 6 additional pounds of weight gain per year. Obesity increases your risk for cardiovascular disease, diabetes and many other chronic health conditions.

Diabetes

Your insulin levels become elevated when you eat processed sugars, such as those in soft drinks, white flour and other foods devoid of fiber and nutrients necessary to properly metabolize carbohydrates. Eating junk foods throughout the day causes chronically high insulin levels, which eventually prompts your cells to begin to ignore this important hormone, resulting in a condition known as insulin resistance. Ultimately, obesity and Type 2 diabetes may set in. Since the 1980s, Type 2 diabetes, which was minimal in teenagers, has risen to 15 percent.

Depression

Junk food may lead to depression in teenagers, according to Andrew F. Smith, author of the book "Fast Food and Junk Food: An Encyclopedia of What We Love to Eat." Hormonal changes at puberty make teens more susceptible to mood and behavioral swings. A healthy diet plays a part in keeping hormone levels on an even keel, while a diet high in junk food falls short of these requirements. Consuming trans fats, saturated fats and processed food is associated with up to 58 percent increase in risk of depression.

Nutrient Deficiencies

Processing that removes vitamins, minerals and fiber makes junk foods into the sources of empty calories that nutritionists disparage. Children who eat a lot of junk foods may develop nutritional deficiencies that lead to low energy, mood swings, sleep disturbance and poor academic achievement, among other health conditions, according to the University of New Hampshire Cooperative Extension.

Sodium

High sodium levels are a defining characteristic of many junk foods and one of the contributing factors to the overconsumption of salt that typifies the Western diet and contributes to high blood pressure and heart, liver and kidney diseases, according to Harvard Health Publications. The average American eats five to 10 times more salt than the 2,300 milligrams per day recommended by the U.S. Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Considering the high rates of high blood pressure among Americans, that level should be even lower -- about 1,500 milligrams per day -- for 70 percent of adults. However, the trend since 1988 shows that fewer people with hypertension adhere to a low-sodium diet now than did then.

http://healthyeating.sfgate.com/reasons-eating-junk-food-not-good-3364.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junk_food

LEARNING ENGLISH

I was first learning English when I was in elementary school . My first love is possible to learn a language I really love to learn new things in my life . Although this language is difficult to pronounce and understand but my passion to learn .

After primary school I entered junior high school where lessons of Britain more difficult language that I decided to follow the guidance of learning English who are in my area . Starting from here I understand more about how to say and understand the type of sentences in English .

But when sma to pursue college I was not too Longer learn English because getting lazy with various activities I do in school and at home so that I forgot mengakitkan with English but still remember a little .

I think learning English is very difficult at all because of environmental factors that rarely use the language but we should not be discouraged to learn English . Never too late to learn.


In the current age of globalization such as foreign languages, especially English is needed for any purpose such as for example, to apply for a job . Where many companies that require any prospective employee must be able to speak English from passive to active . By because we have to learn English from now on so that the quality of our skills better.

Rabu, 06 Mei 2015

passive and active voice

An author may write a sentence in one of two "voices"—active or passive.The active voice emphasizes the performer (or agent) of the action:Wind disperses plant seeds.Smith et al. investigated the relationship.We have analyzed the results.The active voice is direct (performer–verb–receiver), vigorous, clear, and concise. The reader knows who is responsible for the action.
The passive voice, in contrast, emphasizes the receiver (or product) of the action:Plant seeds are dispersed [by wind].The relationship was investigated [by Smith et al].The results have been analyzed [by us].The passive voice is indirect (receiver–verb–performer) and can be weak, awkward, and wordy. Passive voice uses a form of the verb to be followed by a past participle (e.g., dispersed, investigated) and a by phrase. If the by phrase is omitted (the truncated passive), the reader will not directly know who or what performed the action.A particularly awkward and ambiguous form of the passive voice occurs when an author uses it as the receiver rather than the first-person pronouns I or we:It is concluded that the treatment is effective.These types of passive-voice sentences are a form of hedging.In addition to being awkward, sentences written in the passive voice, if not constructed carefully, may contain grammatical errors such as dangling modifiers.Changing from passive to active voice corrects the error and strengthens the sentence:Dangling: To investigate the source of nutrients, eggshell membranes were compared. (incorrect passive)Correction: To investigate the source of nutrients, we compared eggshell membranes. (active)Dangling: After analyzing the samples, the plants were measured daily. (incorrect passive)Correction: After analyzing the samples, we measured the plants daily. (active)Despite these disadvantages, the passive voice has a legitimate place in writing. In addition to allowing an author to vary the sentence structure, the passive voice has other important functions. To learn more, see "The Value of the Passive Voice."

Tradition and the Passive Voice

More than a century ago, scientists typically wrote in an active style that included the first-person pronouns I and we. Beginning in about the 1920s, however, these pronouns became less common as scientists adopted a passive writing style.Considered to be objective, impersonal, and well suited to science writing, the passive voice became the standard style for medical and scientific journal publications for decades.There were exceptions, however. For instance, in 1953, one elegantly written paper began:
Here are examples of sentences written in both the active voice and the passive voice, with the active voice sentence appearing first:
1.andi  ate six shrimp at dinner. (active)
  At dinner, six shrimp were eaten by Harry. (passive)
2.Beautiful giraffes roam the savannah. (active)
  The savannah is roamed by beautiful giraffes. (passive)
3.Sue changed the flat tire. (active)
  The flat tire was changed by Sue. (passive)
4.We are going to watch a movie tonight. (active)
  A movie is going to be watched by us tonight. (passive)
5.I ran the obstacle course in record time. (active)
  The obstacle course was run by me in record time. (passive)
6.The crew paved the entire stretch of highway. (active)
  The entire stretch of highway was paved by the crew. (passive)
7.Mom read the novel in one day. (active)
  The novel was read by Mom in one day. (passive)
8.e critic wrote a scathing review. (active)
  A scathing review was written by the critic. (passive)
9.I will clean the house every Saturday. (active)
  The house will be cleaned by me every Saturday. (passive)
10.The staff is required to watch a safety video every year. (active)
  A safety video will be watched by the staff every year. (passive)

http://www.biomedicaleditor.com/active-voice.html

http://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-active-and-passive-voice.html

Rabu, 01 April 2015

tugas softskill

A LITTLE ABOUT MY HOBBIES

My name indra kurniawan susanto born in Jakarta 1992. I was the first child now is 22 years old and I am still astudent at the University Gunadarma Kalimalang last semester. I want to tellyou a little about the hobbies that I like. I have a couple of hobbies like playing futsal, play games and fishing. Regarding the latter probably my hobby you wanted to know about my hobby which this one.

I started fishing hobby of mine as a child who frequently invited by my father fishing in the river near my house which is in wonogiri. Riverthere is very much once the fish until I was happy with the hobby. Besides in river first things firstI love fishing invited by the father fishing in Gajah Mungkur. The fish thereare relatively more numerous and too big. Fish that live in the lake such as tilapia, catfish, tilapia, catfish, fish bloso, tawes and other fish. If fishing at me frommorning to evening. The results we can usually aplenty. Arriving at my house and father immediately clean the fish and then fried for dinner.
  
When I was about 6 years old. I was taken by my parents to go wander to the east Jakarta. Following thework of my father being self-employed. I am very happy to be in my new place. Until growing up I was very keen on fishing once with my father but my fishing different places as adults prefer fishing in the sea and sea Jakarta filigree. 

Hobbies are fishing at sea is very pleasant at all but very extreme because fishing in the middle sea.I fishing usually near the middle of the ocean drilling. Overland journey from fishing spot to be reached with a 2-hour pass that vast sea and the waves were very tolerable level. If people are not ordinary sea fishing will certainly sea sick because the shock waves of the sea.
  
The fish were obtained when fishing at sea is very big at all. The fish can be as red snapper, grouper, giant fish traveli and many others. Bait I use normally use shrimp, squid, fish and minow kotrekan. Which made it impossible to abandon this one of my hobbies is fishing pole when I pulled the big fish who have the power that tight once when pulling rod by this because it's my hobby I can not leave.

Sea fishing hobby I do once a month or two months depending on the situation whether or not the state of the weather sea. If bad weather is very dangerous for us because of high waves. In bad weather fish in the sea is not too aggressive to take the bait because bad weather because it fine sea of ​​information should be considered by me.
Vehicle that I use to support my hobby only use motors vario cbs who are always accompanied me everywhere. If using the motor is more practical to carry anywhere and be more efficient once but if sea fishing in the area tanggerang I usually take the car because there is no access to a car to the seafront.
  
And the last of my latest hobby wrestled ie exercising at the fitness center in the area my home interested in the activities, it is because I want to get a good and healthy body. I've been quite a long time to follow the activities in the gym fitness center is already 6 months running up to today. I participate in these activities because the urge friends who follow the gym who have previously participated in it.

Such is a little story about my hobby very pleasant at all. We are sorry if there are any words were spoken, and thank you for your attention.